class+notes

Temperature - Thermal Energy & Heat -

Methods of heat transfer 1) Conduction

__**What is Conduction?**__

Conduction is the transfer of heat from:

 * one substance to another
 * within a solid by direct contact of particles

**__The Transfer of Heat__**


 * Matter with a **higher tempertature** and **greater kinetic energy** → Matter with a **lower temperature** and **lower kinetic energy**

**Example**:

A metal spoon put in boiling water becomes hot to touch
**Explanation:**

**Thermal Conductors and Insulators**

Heat is transfered at different rates.
**Thermal Conductors**


 * Materials that transfer heat easily
 * Metals are good thermal conductors

**Insulators**


 * Materials that __do not__ transfer heat easily
 * Air, snow, wood, and styrofoam are insulators

2) Convection · Convection is the transfer of thermal energy within a fluid and with the movement of fluid from one place to another. ·  Unlike conduction, convection transfers matter as well as heat. ·  Convection can be explained by the Kinetic Molecular Theory. ·  Convection current is the movement of a fluid caused by density differences.

· The movement of liquid in a lava lamp occurs by convection. As well as melted rock under the earths surface and clouds in the sky

_

December 2, 2009
Radiation & Condution in the atomosphearns equator : high forest and soils : low O2 = 32 >
 * insolotion - amount of solar radiation that reaches a certain area (w/m2)
 * eg: angle of incidence< north and south pole pole: low
 * albeado - amount of radiation reflected by a surface
 * eg: albado area < snow coved area & desert: high
 * <span style="background-color: #ff0033; color: #008000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">weather <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #ff00ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">- everything about atmosphease that is temp., atmosphaeric pressure, mosture in the atmosphease wind,ect. related to wind transfer in the atmospherase
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #ff00ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">remember: mass of air N2 = 28 > water (H20) = 18

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> <span style="color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">* Energy transfer b/w land/weather and air is responsible for temp & humidity of air > <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidithemefont: minor-latin; msolist: Ignore;"> 1. Sometimes, deep water rises above the thermocline to the surface in a process called upwelling. > <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidithemefont: minor-latin; msolist: Ignore;"> 2. A La Nina event is an example of upwelling that brings cooler than normal waters to the surface of the eastern Pacific Ocean. > <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Cool water at the surface of the Pacific causes warm winters in southeastern North America and cool winters in the northwest. > <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidithemefont: minor-latin; msolist: Ignore;"> 3. In an El Nino event, unusually warm water on the surface of the Pacific Ocean leads to warmer winters in the Pacific Northwest and in eastern Canada > <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msobidithemefont: minor-latin; msolist: Ignore;"> 4. El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) refers to phenomena of the El Nino and La Nina events and to changes in air pressure over the southern Pacific Ocean <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #ff0033; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">
 * <span style="background-color: #800080; color: #00ffff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">air pressure - pressure is measued in pascal (Pa ) and kilopascal (kPa) --- pressure is fores per area when at sea level appox. 101.3 kPa
 * <span style="color: #00ffff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">other unit atm --- 101.3 * Pa = 1 atm 760 mmHg
 * <span style="background-color: #ff0033; color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Barometer - used to measure air pressure --- contain a small capuital made changes the capsule expands or contracts.
 * <span style="background-color: #0071ff; color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Air mass - parcel of air with similar temp. asnd humidity thoughout
 * <span style="background-color: #13d843; color: #ff0033; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">coriolois effect - changer in the direction of moving air weather or object due to earth roatation
 * El Nino and La Nina (See figures on p. 478)